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Camshafts

by lavocado@sbcglobal.net

GM Family II engine

20NE, 20SE, 20SEH, C20NE, C20GET

These engines formed the basis of the modern Family II lineup. Configuration was limited to a single over head cam, and 2 Valves per cylinder (8 valves total). The 20NE served as the base, where later Family II engines evolved.

Common features include:

Cast iron block

6 bolt flywheel

Aluminum head.

1998 cc, 86 mm x 86 mm bore/stroke

Individual differences:

Engine

Power

Torque

Ratio

Engine Management

(Other)

20NE

116 horsepower (87 kW) @ 5200 rpm

175 Nm (129 lbft) @ 2600 rpm

9.2:1

Motronic ML 4.1

20SE

122 horsepower (91 kW) @ 5400 rpm

175 Nm (129 lbft) @ 2600 rpm

10.0:1

Motronic ML 4.1

High compression pistons

20SEH

130 horsepower (97 kW) @ 5600 rpm

180 Nm (130 lbft) @ 4600 rpm

10.0:1

Motronic ML 4.1

High compression pistons; More aggressive camshaft than 20SE

C20NE

115 horsepower (86 kW) @ 5200 rpm

170 Nm (130 lbft) @ 2600 rpm

9.2:1

Motronic 1.5/Motronic 1.5.2

Catalytic converter; Lambda sensor.

C20GET

165 horsepower (123 kW) @ 5600 rpm

175 Nm (129 lbft) @ 4000 rpm

8.0:1

Most likely Motronic 1.5

Turbocharged

A South African derivative of the 20SEH engine was used until 1999 in the Astra/Kadett models featuring 10:1 compression ratio and a Bosch Motronic 1.5.4 engine management system. Quoted power was 95 kW (129 PS; 127 hp) and 180 Nm (130 lbft) of torque.

The 2 liter 8v OHC engines is used in the base versions of:

Opel Calibra

Opel Astra F

Opel Omega A

Opel Kadett E

Opel Ascona C

Opel Frontera A

Opel Vectra A-A2-B

Vauxhall Cavalier

Vauxhall Astra

Vauxhall Carlton

Vauxhall Frontera

Vauxhall Calibra

20XE, 20XEJ, C20XE, C20LET

The naturally-aspirated 16-valve version of the 2.0 L 1,998 cc (121.9 cu in)ast iron block engine is the successor to the OHC-engines and a predecessor to the 16-valve Ecotec-line of engines.

This lineup features the same block as the OHC based engines with an 86 mm (3.4 in) bore & stroke and a Cosworth-developed DOHC cylinder head (Cosworth Project KB). The cylinder heads were manufactured by either Cosworth or, at a latter date, Kolbenschmidt. In general, the heads from this lineup are supposed to flow appreciabl better than their Ecotec successors. Power output is rated at 110 kW (150 hp) at 6000 rpm and 196 Nm at 4600 rpm (C20XE) or 156 hp (20XE).

Common features:

-1,998 cc (121.9 cu in); 86 mm  86 mm (3.4 in  3.4 in) bore x stroke

-Cast iron block

-Aluminium head

-Aluminium oil pan with cooling fins

-Air mass flow meter

-Knock sensors

-Twin Camshafts

-8 bolt flywheel

20XE

- 157 hp (117 kW)

- 198 Nm (146 lbft)

-Compression ratio: 10.8-1

-Engine Management: Bosh Motronic 2.5

C20XE

- 150 bhp (112 kW; 152 PS) @ 6000 rpm

- 196 Nm (145 lbft) @ 4600 rpm

-Compression ratio: 10.8-1

-Catalytic converter

-Lambda sensor

-Engine Management: Bosh Motronic 2.8

C20LET

- 204 hp (152 kW) @ 5600 rpm

- 280 Nm (210 lbft) @ 2400 rpm

- 102 bhp/litre

-Compression ratio: 9.0-1

-Catalytic converter

-Lambda sensor

-Different camshafts

-Turbo pressure: 0.6 bars (8.7 psi) continuous with a 0.8 bars (12 psi) overboost

-Engine Management: Bosch Motronic M2.7

-The map sensor is built into the ECU.

-Turbo used in the C20LET: KKK16, integral water cooling and oil lubrication.

These engines were used in:

Opel Kadett GSI 16v

Opel Vectra 2000

Opel Vectra GT 16V

Opel Vectra Turbo

Opel Calibra Turbo

Opel Calibra 16V

Opel Astra GSi 16v

Opel Astra Irmscher caravan

Lada 110

The turbocharged version of the C20XE, branded C20LET was also offered in the Opel/Vauxhall Calibra and Vectra Turbo. The C20LET is essentially the same as the C20XE, bar the lower compression, forged Mahle pistons turbocharger, Bosh Motronic M2.7 with MAP a sensor. There are also slight revisions to the block which provide an oil inlet/outlet for the turbocharger.

C25XE

Opel later developed a 2.5 liter V6 engine based on the C20XE’s design. The GM 54-Degree V6 engine featured four camshafts and 4 valves per cylinder. The C25XE found use in the V6 Calibra/Vectra A/A2 and the Omega A (Known as the Vauxhall Carlton in the UK).

-2,498 cc (152.4 cu in)

- 170 hp (127 kW) @ 6000 rpm

- 226 Nm (167 lbft) @ 4200 rpm Engine Management Bosch Motronic 2.8

X20XEV

The first engine Opel branded as Ecotec, a mass-market successor to the C20XE with a Lotus-developed cylinder head. The new cylinder head had a smaller valve angle compared to the older C20XE, which was supposed to give more torque in the lower revs. It is a 1,998 cc (121.9 cu in) naturally aspirated engine with 16 valves and belt driven double overhead camshafts (DOHC). 86 mm (3.4 in) bore and stroke in cast iron OHC-derived cylinder block and aluminium cylinder head. X20XEV was equipped with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions and air injection reactor (AIR) to speed up the warming up of the catalytic converter and to reduce unburnt hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. Power 100 kW / 136 hp.

This engine was used in:

Opel Calibra 94-

Opel Vectra 94-

Opel Astra 94-

Opel Omega 94-

X25XE, X30XE

A GM 54-Degree V6 engine – essentially an Ecotec version of the C25XE. It has similar design features to the X20XEV – particularly the cylinder heads and emission reduction hardware. This engine was used in the Opel Omega B and for the first few years in the C

The X25XE was also used in Later Models of Vectra B from 2000 until 2002. It was to prove popular in Police Vehicles in the UK.

Ecotec

The Ecotec name was adopted in 2000 for the new generation of Family II engines. The name was already used for the Opel GM Family II engine, Family 1 and Family 0 ranges. GM intends this new Ecotec to become its global 4-cylinder.

The Ecotec Family II is a DOHC 4-valve design with an aluminum block and head (L850 for 86 mm bore applications, and L880 for 88 mm bore), designed for displacements from 1.8 to 2.4 L. It was developed by an international team of engineers and technicians from Opel’s International Technical Development Center in Rsselsheim, Germany, GM Powertrain in Pontiac, Michigan, and Saab in Trollhttan, Sweden.[citation needed] Much of the development work on this project was carried out by Lotus Engineering, Hethel, United Kingdom. The engine uses aluminum pistons and cast iron cylinder liners. Vibration is reduced with twin balance shafts.

The current Ecotec line is manufactured in Tonawanda, New York, Kaiserslautern, Germany, and (for Saturn) in Spring Hill, Tennessee.

Turbo

Opel/Vauxhall offers a turbocharged version of the 2.0 L1,998 cc (121.9 cu in)cotec (the Z20LET) in a cast iron block; it features a square 86 millimetres (3.4 in) bore and stroke, 9.5:1 compression, 200 hp (150 kW) and 195 lbft (264 Nm) of torque. fuel economy 14.6 L/100 km (16.1 mpg-US) This engine is used in:

Opel Astra

Opel Zafira

Opel Speedster

From 2005, the Z20LET engine was revised for the Astra H and Zafira B, to three different model designations, Z20LEL, Z20LER and Z20LEH. The differing designations denote the engine power output, 170 hp, 200 hp and 240 hp. Further revisions to the original design include the deletion of the contrarotating balancer shafts in the 240 hp Z20LEH engine, to reduce mechanical losses.

LK9

This engine is also known as a Z20NET in other countries such as The United Kingdom and Australia

LK9 is a turbocharged 2.0 L 1,998 cc (121.9 cu in)ersion of the L850 series ECOTEC utilizing a reinforced sand cast aluminum cylinder head and reinforced internal components. It features an 86 millimetres (3.4 in) bore and stroke and a 9.5:1 compression ratio. Power is 210 horsepower (160 kW) at 5300 rpm and 220 lbft (298 Nm) of torque at 2500 rpm. Maximum boost is 12.3 psi (0.85 bar). Fuel economy 16.1 L/100 km (14.6 mpg-US)

2003resent Saab 9-3

20032008 Opel Vectra

2006resent Cadillac BLS

LNF

Ecotec LNF in a Pontiac Solstice

A turbocharged direct injected (redubbed Spark Ignition Direct Injection) Ecotec was introduced in the 2007 Saturn Sky Red Line. It is a longitudinally mounted engine. Displacement is 2.0 L1,998 cc (121.9 cu in)ith a square 86 millimetres (3.4 in) bore and stroke. Compression is 9.2:1 and maximum boost is 1.4 bar (20.0 psi), delivering 260 hp (190 kW) at 5300 rpm and 260 lbft (350 Nm) of torque from 25005250 rpm. Engine redline is at 6300 rpm and premium fuel is recommended. The sodium filled exhaust valves were based on technology developed for the Corvette V8 powertrains. The sodium fuses and becomes a liquid at idle, which improves conductivity and draws heat away from the valve face and valve guide towards the stem to be cooled by the engine oil circulating in this aerea. The camshaft-driven direct injection systems pressurizes the fuel to 52 bar (750 psi) at idle, and up to 155 bar (2,250 psi) at wide-open throttle. The “Gen II” block is similar to the 2.4 L and also features VVT technology. The Gen II block was developed using data from racing programs and computer simulations. The bore walls and bulkheads were strengthened with a weight increase of 1 kg (2.5 pounds). The coolant jackets were expanded to improve heat rejection, resulting in a coolant capacity increase of 0.5 liters.

Unique LNF features include:

a twin-scroll turbocharger

cam-driven high pressure gasoline direct injection fuel system

dual camshaft continuously variable valve timing

sodium-filled stainless steel Inconel exhaust valves

low-friction cast aluminum pistons with oil squirters

forged steel crankshaft

forged steel connecting rods

cast stainless steel exhaust manifold

This engine is used in:

20072009 Opel GT

20072009 Pontiac Solstice GXP

20072009 Saturn Sky Red Line

2008-2010 Chevrolet HHR SS

2008-2010 Chevrolet Cobalt SS

2010 Fisker Karma

2009 Elfin T5

This or a similar engine is used in:

2011 Buick Regal GS Concept

DI

A high-end direct injection version of the 2.2 L Ecotec is available for:

Opel Vectra

Opel Signum

A high-end direct injected 2.4 L Ecotec is available for the 2010 Chevy Equinox (see below: LAF). This engine makes 180 hp (130 kW; 180 PS) and 172 ftlbf (233 Nm) of torque, partly due to an 11.4:1 compression ratio.

L61

Ecotec L61 engine in a Chevrolet Classic

2003 Pontiac Sunfire Ecotec engine

This engine is also known as a Z22SE in other countries such as The United Kingdom and Australia

The basic Family II architecture was substantially reengineered in 2000, becoming the Ecotec 2.2, model L61 (or L42 for the CNG version). First appearing in the 2000 Saturn LS1, the L61 spread throughout North American GM products, displacing the Quad 4 and its descendants.

Unlike its notably harsh predecessor, the L61 was designed for smoothness – however in the nearly 20 years since the demise of the Oldsmobile engineered Quad 4, no other GM 4-cylinder has exceeded the output of the 190 hp (142 kW) 1991 W41 Quad 4. Only recently the Ecotec LAF exceeded the high volume 180 hp (134 kW) LG0 Quad 4. Dual in-block balance shafts were integral to the design, and all accessories were mounted directly to the engine block to reduce vibration. The oil filter was cast into the block with a removable cover and replaceable paper element.

Displacement for the 2.2 L engine is 2,196 cc (134.0 cu in) with an 86 millimetres (3.4 in) bore and 94.6 millimetres (3.72 in) stroke. Compression is 9.5:1 or 10:1, delivering 135 to 147 hp (101 to 110 kW) and 142 to 152 lbft (193 to 206 Nm) of torque. The Ecotec line is manufactured in Tonawanda, New York, Kaiserslautern, Germany, and (for Saturn) in Spring Hill, Tennessee. The L61-powered Saturn Ion replaced the Saturn-powered Saturn S-Series.

There are a few variations to the standard L61. The new Chevrolet Malibu uses a version with electronic throttle control and a special unitized exhaust manifold and catalytic converter. The 2003 Saturn L-Series has a high output version with higher (10:1) compression and more aggressive camshaft. The Malibu and Saturn versions also use return-less fuel injection. The 2002 Saturn VUE was the first North American variant of the L61 to be equipped with electronic throttle control, whereas other applications did not arise until 2005 in the Saturn ION and Chevrolet Cobalt. The supercharger and inlet manifold from the 2.0 Ecotec engine can be purchased as an official kit from GM and along with modified software in the ECM, can create a 2.2 supercharged version of this engine.

In 2007 the L61 was upgraded with a second generation cylinder case, Coil on plug ignition, 58x crankshaft position sensing and a 32-bit computer.

The 2.2 L Ecotec is used in the following cars:

Year(s)

Model

Power

Torque

20022005

Chevrolet Cavalier

140 hp (100 kW) @ 5600 rpm

150 lbft (203 Nm) @ 4000 rpm

2004

Chevrolet Classic (Malibu)

144 hp (107 kW) @ 5600 rpm

155 lbft (210 Nm) @ 4000 rpm

20052006

Chevrolet Cobalt

145 hp (108 kW) @ 5600 rpm

155 lbft (210 Nm) @ 4000 rpm

20072008

148 hp (110 kW) @ 5600 rpm

152 lbft (206 Nm) @ 4200 rpm

2006

Chevrolet HHR

143 hp (107 kW) @ 5600 rpm

150 lbft (203 Nm) @ 4000 rpm

20072008

Chevrolet HHR

149 hp (111 kW) @ 5600 rpm

152 lbft (206 Nm) @ 4000 rpm

20022004

Oldsmobile Alero

140 hp (100 kW) @ 5600 rpm

150 lbft (203 Nm) @ 4000 rpm

20022005

Pontiac Grand Am

140 hp (100 kW) @ 5600 rpm

150 lbft (203 Nm) @ 4000 rpm

20022005

Pontiac Sunfire

140 hp (100 kW) @ 5600 rpm

150 lbft (203 Nm) @ 4000 rpm

20052008

Pontiac G5/Pursuit

145 hp (108 kW) @ 5600 rpm

155 lbft (210 Nm) @ 4000 rpm

20032005

Saturn L-Series (high output)

140 hp (100 kW) @ 5600 rpm

145 lbft (197 Nm) @ 4000 rpm

20032007

Saturn Ion

140 hp (100 kW) @ 5600 rpm

145 lbft (197 Nm) @ 4000 rpm

20022007

Saturn VUE

143 hp (107 kW) @ 5600 rpm

155 lbft (210 Nm) @ 4000 rpm

20012005

Vauxhall VX220/Opel Speedster

147 hp (110 kW) @ 5800 rpm

150 lbft (203 Nm) @ 4000 rpm

Opel/Vauxhall/Holden Astra

Opel/Vauxhall/Holden Vectra

Opel/Vauxhall/Holden Zafira/Subaru Traviq

Following the GM-Fiat agreement, the 2.2 L engine is also used in

Fiat Croma

Alfa Romeo 159

L42

The Ecotec 2.2, model L42 is the CNG version of the Ecotec 2.2. It delivers 129 hp (96 kW) and 129 lbft (175 Nm).

LSJ

Ecotec LSJ engine in a 2006 Saturn Ion Red Line

The LSJ is a supercharged version of the LK9 Ecotec with an Eaton M62 Roots-type supercharger and air-to-liquid intercooler. It is rated at 205 hp (153 kW) at 5600 rpm and 200 lbft (271 Nm) at 4400 rpm with a compression ratio of 9.5:1 and a 6500 rpm redline. With the end of the Chevy Cobalt S/C SS and Saturn Ion Red Line, The LSJ will no longer be available in a production car after 2007.

The LSJ was on the Ward’s 10 Best Engines list for 2006.

This engine is used in:

Year(s)

Model

Power

Torque

20042007

Saturn Ion Red Line

205 hp (153 kW) @ 5600 rpm

200 lbft (271 Nm) @ 4400 rpm

20052007

Chevrolet Cobalt SS Supercharged Coupe

205 hp (153 kW) @ 5600 rpm

200 lbft (271 Nm) @ 4400 rpm

LE5

Ecotec LE5 engine in a 2006 Pontiac Solstice

The LE5 is a larger 2.4 L2,376 cc (145.0 cu in)ersion of the Ecotec. Both the 88 mm (3.5 in) bore and 98 mm (3.9 in) stroke are larger, and Variable Valve Timing on the intake and exhaust improve low-end torque. Compression is 10.4:1. Power is 164-177 hp (123-132 kW) and torque is 159-170 lbft (215-230 Nm). The engine uses a reinforced “Gen II” block.

Year(s)

Model

Power

Torque

20062007

Chevrolet Cobalt SS

173 hp (129 kW) @ 6200 rpm

163 lbft (221 Nm) @ 4800 rpm

2008

Chevrolet Cobalt Sport

171 hp (128 kW) @ 6200 rpm

167 lbft (226 Nm) @ 4800 rpm

20062008

Chevrolet HHR

175 hp (130 kW)

165 lbft (224 Nm)

20062008

Pontiac G5/Pursuit

171 hp (128 kW) @ 5800 rpm

167 lbft (226 Nm) @ 4500 rpm

20062009

Pontiac G6

169 hp (126 kW) @ 6300 rpm

162 lbft (220 Nm) @ 4500 rpm

20062009

Pontiac Solstice

173 hp (129 kW) @ 5800 rpm

164 lbft (222 Nm) @ 4500 rpm

20062009

Saturn Sky

173 hp (129 kW) @ 5800 rpm

166 lbft (225 Nm) @ 4800 rpm

20062007

Saturn Ion

175 hp (130 kW) @ 6200 rpm

164 lbft (222 Nm) @ 4800 rpm

20082009

Saturn Aura

169 hp (126 kW)

162 lbft (220 Nm)

2008resent

Chevrolet Malibu

169 hp (126 kW)

162 lbft (220 Nm)

20082009

Saturn Vue

169 hp (126 kW) @ 6200 rpm

161 lbft (218 Nm) @ 5100 rpm

The LE5 is also used in the following overseas models:

2006 GM Taiwan Buick LaCrosse

2006 Shanghai GM Buick LaCrosse

LAT

The LAT is the designation used for the 2.4 L LE5 when used in GM’s mild hybrid vehicles.

Year(s)

Model

Power

Torque

Fuel economy (average; 63 mph)

20072009

Saturn Aura Green Line Hybrid

164 hp (122 kW) @ 6400 rpm

159 lbft (216 Nm) @ 5000 rpm

2007

Saturn Vue Green Line Hybrid

170 hp (130 kW) @ 6600 rpm

162 lbft (220 Nm) @ 4200 rpm

2008

Saturn Vue Green Line Hybrid

172 hp (128 kW) @ 6500 rpm

167 lbft (226 Nm) @ 4500 rpm

2008resent

Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid

164 hp (122 kW) @ 6400 rpm

159 lbft (216 Nm) @ 5000 rpm

LE9

The LE9 is an E85 compatible version of the 2.4 L2,384 cc (145.5 cu in)E5 Ecotec. Bore and stroke are 88 mm (3.5 in) and 98 mm (3.9 in) and has a compression ratio of 10.4:1, the same as the LE5.

Year(s)

Model

Power

Torque

2009resent

Chevrolet HHR

172 hp (128 kW) @ 5800 rpm (gasoline)

167 lbft (226 Nm) @ 4500 rpm (gasoline)

176 hp (131 kW) @ 5800 rpm (E85)

170 lbft (230 Nm) @ 5000 rpm (E85)

2010

Chevrolet Malibu (fleet only)

175 hp (130 kW) @ 5800 rpm (E85)

170 lbft (230 Nm) @ 5000 rpm (E85)

LAP

The LAP is a 2.2 L2,189 cc (133.6 cu in)ersion of the Ecotec, based on the Gen II block. Bore and stroke are 86 mm (3.4 in) and 94.6 mm (3.72 in), the same as the 2.2 L L61. Compression ratio is 10.0:1. Major features that set it apart from the 2.2 L L61 are variable-valve-timing and other cylinder head improvements from the 2.4 L LE5.

Year(s)

Model

Power

Torque

2009

Chevrolet Cobalt

155 hp (116 kW) @ 6100 rpm

150 lbft (203 Nm) @ 4900 rpm

2009

Pontiac G5

155 hp (116 kW) @ 6100 rpm

150 lbft (203 Nm) @ 4900 rpm

LE8

The LE8 is an E85 compatible 2.2 L2,189 cc (133.6 cu in)ersion of the LAP Ecotec. Bore and stroke remain the same 86 mm (3.4 in) and 94.6 mm (3.72 in). Compression ratio is 10.0:1 and the engine can run on both regular unleaded gasoline or E85.

Year(s)

Model

Power

Torque

2009

Chevrolet HHR

155 hp (116 kW) @ 6100 rpm (gasoline)

150 lbft (203 Nm) @ 4800 rpm (gasoline)

160 hp (120 kW) @ 6000 rpm (E85)

158 lbft (214 Nm) @ 4600 rpm (E85)

LAF

The LAF is a direct injected 2.4 L. It uses technology based on GM other four-cylinder direct injection applications, but with unique features designed for its specific application. This includes an 11.4:1 compression ratio that helps build power, slightly dished pistons that increase combustion efficiency and injectors with an application-specific flow rate.

Year(s)

Model

Power

Torque

2010

GMC Terrain

Chevrolet Equinox

182 hp (136 kW) @ 6700 rpm (gasoline)

172 lbft (233 Nm) @ 4900 rpm (gasoline)

2010

Buick LaCrosse

182 hp (136 kW) @ 6700 rpm

172 lbft (233 Nm) @ 4900 rpm

2011

Buick Regal

182 hp (136 kW) @ 6700 rpm

172 lbft (233 Nm) @ 4900 rpm

D-TEC/E-TEC II

Holden makes various Family II engines for GM India and GM Daewoo at its Melbourne plant. Variations include displacements from 1.8 L to 2.4 L. Unlike the Ecotec engines, the block is made of iron.

L34

This is the 2.0 L1,998 cc (121.9 cu in)ariant of the engines, featuring an 86 mm (3.4 in) bore and 86 mm (3.4 in) stroke. Power is 119 hp (89 kW) at 5400 rpm and torque is 126 lbft (171 Nm).

The engine has been used on following vehicles:

Chevrolet Optra

Chevrolet Evanda

Suzuki Reno

Suzuki Forenza

Other models

1.8 L – Chevrolet Lacetti, Chevrolet Nubira, Chevrolet Rezzo

C24SE, *2.4 L SOHC – Isuzu Rodeo

2.4 L DOHC – Chevrolet Captiva, Opel Antara

GM do Brasil

General Motors do Brasil specializes in older SOHC FlexPower (alcohol and petrol powered) iron block engines.

X20XE2.0 L SFI SOHC 8V FlexPower

X24XF2.4 L MPFI SOHC 8V FlexPower

X24SFD2.4 L SFI DOHC 16V FlexPower

In 2004, a 2.0 L MultiPower engine was made available for the taxi market which could use gasoline, alcohol and natural gas.

A 2.0 L FlexPower engine is available for the current Chevrolet Astra and Vectra. The 2006 Chevrolet Vectra also received a 2.4 L 16V FlexPower engine.

Ariel Atom

In late 2005 Brammo Motorsports struck a deal with GM for a Supercharged 2.0 L Ecotec for their Ariel Atom. The engine came in various ratings from 205 hp (153 kW) to 300 hp (220 kW). Jay Leno received the very first Atom for commercial sale in the US by Brammo.

See also

GM 122 engine

GM Family 1 engine

GM Family 0 engine

List of GM engines

Notes

^ “Big Power, Small Package”. AutoWeek. http://autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060403/FREE/60403004/1024/LATESTNEWS. Retrieved April 4, 2006. 

^ Roth, Dan (2008-12-17). “DI FTW: GM unveils new direct-injection 2.4 L EcoTec and 3.0 L V6″. autoblog.com. http://www.autoblog.com/2008/12/18/di-ftw-gm-new-direct-inject-2-4l-ecotec-and-3-0l-v6. Retrieved 2008-12-17. 

^ http://www.gminsidenews.com/forums/f63/naias-09-2010-ecotec-2-4l-sidi-73038/

References

Larry Webster. “Getting Rid of the H-Word”. Car and Driver (May 2000): 93. 

External links

http://media.gm.com/us/powertrain/en/product_services/2008/08car.htm

Categories: GM enginesHidden categories: Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008

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It is designed to f absolutely sure? r small children and has been tested extensively to meet and even? over all significant international safety standards f? r guaranteed durability. Plasma cars are equipped with state-of -the-art, high-quality ABS plastic, the bottom line? estimation f? r up to 100 kg or 220 pound weight on a flat, smooth surface? prepared surface. Therefore, parents w? gestures, the same exhilarating experience of riding this modern way of to enjoy ride on toys? en.Neben its innovative and fresh design, plasma cars remain easy to use and easy. It nnte k? without power source, such as batteries, pedals, gears? or the electrical components to drive the car running. Man simply turns the steering wheel, and presto, go away! It can be driven by wobbling front wheel, the two Schwenkr? of are that the ground for famous sports and lead but six R?, a seat, foot rest and a steering wheel attached werden.Ein plasma car is truly a unique toy that is both stimulating yet friendly. Your children will enjoy? s acceleration like real racing with their friends. It speeds up to 10 km / h or 6 mph from the inexhaustible? obligation child-Power operates and uses the nat? Natural Kr? forces of centrifugal force and gravity, effectively reducing frictional? forces and Tr? Gheit in his Gestaltung.Als such an innovative, original and robust design perfect f? r many used especially in the months when the weather a little better. Hop on the Plasma Display car and prepare enlarged ren?, more fun than a Roller.Neben Spa? and the joy it offers, it can your small children more running sports and k? anxiety further fit. The only requirement of this car is continuously energy w? while driving famili? Ren n relations? her to enjoy? s to do the same tension and excitement. The game with the plasma cars a quality t time with the family, the children will never forget! The family ties get closer and better with plasma cars around .?????????????? from “http://www. Article Base. Com / accessories-articles/plasma-cars-for-kids-and-the-whole-family-3246936. “????( Html ArticlesBase SC # 3246936 )???????? liked this article, please click here public about him on your site or blog ver?’s free and easy !???????????? Romary Marquez -????? About the Author ????????? ? FAQ ???????????????????????????????????? Ask our experts your accessories questions here? r… 200 characters left ??????????????????????????????????????????? Hi, in aid of family, hardship, and to borrow money f? r Rego my car, but I need more than 90 days to pay the money? ck what I f? loans can apply r k? ????? ?????????????????? Hello, I have 40k credit card. I am? over the bankruptcy of thinking. my house value is in the N? hey, what is my total Morgat I have to pay a car to a full (family value 10k) to make another car paymt. I lose everything ??????????????????????? Hi, I am recently separated and received family tax credits, are my children at boarding school, paid ex and he thinks he should be the H? half of the family will receive tax credits, should he ??????????????? ??????????????]]>?????? Rate this article ?????????????? 1?? 2? ? 3?? 4?? ?????????? 5 vote (s)? 0 Vote (s )?????????? your thoughts? ? RSS?? Print?? E-Mail?? again to ver? public ??????????????????????????? ????????????? Source: http://www ArticlesBase com/accessories-articles/plasma-cars-for-kids-and-the-whole-family-3246936 html…? Article Tags ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ????? plasma cars, ride on toys, racing cars, racing cars, plasma, fresh, innovative ??????? ???????????????????? similar videos ? Latest Accessory r More articles from Romary Marquez ???????????? ???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? Toyota FT-CH ?????????????? ???????????? Cars Concept Car. com f experts? lead you through the Toyota FT-CH concept car and its Key new features. (01:39 )????????????????????????????????????????? Compact Cars Comparison ????????????????????????????? ???????????? David Thomas of Cars. com compared four compact cars valid for your boot, the 2010 Kia Forte, the 2009 Ford Focus, the 2009 Toyota Corolla, and the 2010 Mazda Mazda3 (03:31 )??????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? . ????? ???????????? Cars Muscle Car Review com takes a look at three of the muscle cars that are from: the Chevrolet Camaro, Ford Mustang and the Dodge Challenger (04th: 33 )???????????????????????????????????????????????? Commuter Cars Tango Review ?????????????????????? ???????????? At the 2010 Detroit Auto Show, Car. com Mike Hanley takes a look at the Commuter Cars Tango, which is the world’s fastest urban car. (01:45 )????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? 2011 Jaguar XJL Car Review?? ???????? Cars. com Joe Wiesenfeld takes a look at the 2011 Jaguar XJL. It with the BMW 7 Series and Mercedes-Benz S-Class competes. (03:18 )????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?? F? nf Men? provided the 65th birthday party a memorable experience ??????????????????????????????? ????????? To Men? a 65th birthday party more interesting view, the right people? to the party theme, tasty and healthy options to select people? to ensure that you are some of the celebrant’s favorite dishes, remember some courts have children, and think with dishes from different decades .???????????????????? From ????????? danical? ??????????????????????????????? home and family >??????????????? ????? ?????????? Accessoriesl December 16, 2010 ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? air gate? cooling and K? ltemaschinen in commercial developments ????????????????????????? ??????????????? When choosing a commercial K? counter, it is important to someone who reliably make? regularly the right help can k? not only the assembly of the device? tes, but f also? r have the service after the sale. It is f? r every K? shore important, at least a basic comprehension? ndnis represent? about how they work to facilitate the entire process. In fr? higher K? Ufen, this kind of information simplify maintenance and troubleshooting stick? shorten .???????????????????? From ????????? Shane Tomkinsl? ????????????????????????????????? home and family >????????????? ??????? ?????????? 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There is nothing more exciting and Spa? than the h? next special editions Appendix? need with the family. Many parents just love their little babies he? open presents and squeal Vergne sawing, as their most desired holiday toys to unravel .???????????????????? From ????????? Romary Marquezl? ???????????????????????????????? Home and Family >?????????????? ?????? ?????????? Holidaysl 25 November 2010 ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? discover games and with games tents ????????????????????????????? ??????????? Play Tents k? you to your child something they want to be. Play tents in various shapes and sizes? en. There are tents that serve as a ball pit, shaped like castles, school buses , beach cabanas, and tee pees. Your Kid’s definitely enjoys en bring their ideas to life .???????????????????? From ?????? ? >??????? Romary Marquezl ?????????????????????????????????? Home and Family ????????????? ?????????? Accessoriesl 15 November 2010 ??????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? H Ren? erm? glitches with a perfect learning Quiet divider ???????????????? ???????????????????????? Today’s lifestyles have attacked us on different levels to mi? sound weight? Usually called L? exposed rm. Outdoor Ger? Noise, as in construction and transport not only st are while, but beautiful harmful than good, even simple inner-L rm as loud audio entertainment systems enough cause stress to modern forms of life, as it is -?.?. a room Apartments -? enjoy some much consideration ben en peace and k nnte be challenging .???????????????????? From ???????? ? >????????? Romary Marquezl ?????????????????????????????????? Home and Family ??????????? ?????????? Accessoriesl 14 November 2010 ????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? Doing it the Bye Bye Buggy Way ??????????????????????? ????????????????? People may think this is just another hyped up product, but this is definitely not. The Bye-Bye Buggy is a baby carrier f? r the ultimate comfort and protection of children in traffic and user-friendly f? r parents and child care development at the same time .???????????????????? From ??????? ? >???????? Romary Marquezl ?????????????????????????????????? Home and Family ?????????? ???????????? Accessoriesl 14 November 2010 ???????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ANATEX Toys: An invalid concept vielf f r Spa and learning ??????????????? ?????????????????????????? ANATEX toy making in the sector p? f pedagogical toys? in a very long time and not even their capacity? has f th? eased r innovative toys. ongoing negotiations changed? and improved toy ANATEX a history of providing toys that f is not only attractive and Spa? r children, but toys, education and .????? ??????????????? ????????????????????? From ????????? Romary Marquezl Home and Family >???????????????????? Accessoriesl ????????????? ?????????? 14 November 2010 ????????????????????????????????????????????????? Add comment ??????????????????????????????????????????? saws that? ????????????????????????????????? Your name: Your *???????????? E-mail ????????????????????????????????????? Comment Body: *???? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? Best confirmation code: *????????????????????* mandatory ????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? Send your articles, it is Free and easy Sign up today ?????? ?????????????????? Author NavigationMy Home? 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Moving to a new country within the European Union is easier today than it used to be. Removals to France from Britain, for instance, are now completed by thousands of citizens on an annual basis. Most of them bring their belongings with them. These removals can range in complexity from an expensive and elaborate affair involving an international removal company all the way down to the weekend relocation on a do-it-yourself basis.

Don’t make the mistake of assuming that relocating today has become effortless, however. Moving a household is one of the major stresses associated with modern life, right up there with marriage, having children and then getting divorced. Most of us declare we will never go through it again, and yet we still make the decision to uproot family, furnishing and lifestyle in exchange for something different, in this case something French.

There are some basic and simple bits of advice for those moving to France which may cause anxiety if not addressed beforehand. Moving without secured employment is a big mistake. The European Union has made the international job search process easier, but finding suitable employment in France or any other country these days is not automatic or simple. Make sure that employment is definite before moving, or else be wealthy enough so that money is not an issue. Searching for a job in Paris may sound romantic, but can be grueling and depressing.

On the other hand, if you can afford to purchase a French country villa, a shortage of ready cash may not really be an important issue. Good advice for many people, however, is to rent for a time prior to buying. Not only does this provide enough time to accurately assess the local real estate market, but can give anyone an exit strategy if necessary. Up to half of all Britons who decide that France is the answer end up returning home within two years. Reasons for leaving vary widely, but it is easier to return without the weight of French home-ownership around your neck. Home rentals in many parts of France are less expensive than in UK, and during the off-seasons many genuine bargains can be found.

In addition, don’t ignore some very real and basic differences between national infrastructures. Moving from Britain to France, for example, means adapting to a different television and electrical standard. This means that some appliances won’t work at all, and that television has a totally different broadcast method incompatible with British sets. Often, those serious about this aspect of moving will have a garage or block sale, and then use that sale money to buy all new French-compatible electronics and appliances.

Relocation involves every family member, including pets. Many countries within the EU no longer require quarantines providing those creatures meet the approval of the Pet Travel Scheme. Non-standard pets face rules that vary from country to country, so be sure an check out this aspect before leaving. It must be noted that getting pets back into the UK is more difficult and time consuming than leaving. Pets are not the only licenses to worry about, either. If you plan on keeping your car for more than three months, new residents are required to get French plates, although you may drive as a “tourist” up until that time limit.

For those full of energy and optimism, doing-it-yourself may seem like an attractive choice. Don’t let the potential savings hide the downside, however. Once you have access to a removing vehicle, there are still the expenses of tolls, fuel and ferry tickets, and the headache of negotiating unfamiliar highways. Arrival means that the truck must obtain permission for parking and access, and then you are stuck with actually lifting all that furniture off the truck and negotiating with doors and stairways that may have their own non-standard dimensions. This process may work well for those with few possessions, but may be more than some people are willing or capable of handling alone.

Once you decide to book a mover, do it sooner than later. Putting off the decision may mean ending up paying more for a tourist-season move. And, don’t try to save money by cutting insurance costs, because even the best and most experienced movers can be in accidents. Before signing a contract, make sure that standard-sized lorries are allowed on your new property, and if not then adjustments must be made prior to the moving date. Forethought and planning are the keys to moving day success. Attention to detail can forestall some emergencies and consequent headaches. Finally, simply assume that removals to France are never completely trouble free, but are the just the portal to an exciting and new chapter of life.

Matzi. P. writes about transportation, removals and other transport services in EU. So if you are looking for some knowledge about: Van man removals. This is a place to be. If you want to see more about:Moving to France See our blog. shipping is my life.

Many people would love to see the world through traveling but can not because of the expense. To make travel more accessible, some companies are offering their employees programs that have discounted travel options. Employee discount travel programs provide cheaper rates for staff and their families so they can enjoy the excitement of traveling.

Many employees find discount travel a much appreciated part of their benefit package. Companies partner with various travel agencies to arrange special deals for employees to various holiday destinations. This can include domestic and international trips.

For example, a company may make an agreement with a travel agency to use them for all of their corporate travel in exchange for discounts for employees’ personal trips. This is a perk that employees typically enjoy. It can be a way to attract employees to come to work for a company.

Those who work for travel agencies may receive even greater benefits. Sometimes companies will even provide reimbursement for such things as hotel rooms, food and intercity travel.

In some cases, the cost of international calls may also be reimbursed as long as the calls are related to their travel plans. There are some discount travel plans that provide discount coupons to supermarkets and restaurants to help employees to be able to afford to travel as they would like to.

Airline and railway industries offer their own set of perks for those employees who have a desire to travel. Staff and their families often receive free air and rail tickets to various travel destinations. Railway employees and their dependents may also receive free first class accommodations when they travel by train on vacation.

Some companies are so committed to providing discounted travel opportunities to their employees that they occasionally become agents. They search out businesses that are looking for to serve travelers by providing discounts and match them with companies looking to offer discounted travel programs to their staff.

In a competitive job market, employers need to do what they can keep their staff content. Travel discounts are one method used by employers to attract and retain a talented workforce.

Refer to additional tips written by this writer dealing with subject matters like vessel sink vanity and Delonghi toaster oven.

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